Background: Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) was implemented in Israel from 1981 to 2014. Following the discontinuation of fluoridation, there has been a debate about changes in the prevalence of of caries and dental treatments in Israel. This study aims to illustrate the effects of halting fluoridation on 5–6-year-old children, especially those from low socio-economic backgrounds. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Maccabi-Dent database, covering the period from 2014 to 2019 for children aged 5 to 6. The dataset comprised 539,661 treatments. We compared the frequency of treatments carried out in 2014–2015, when fluoride was still active, with those conducted in 2016–2019, when the influence of CWF was no longer present. Statistical tests including Levene’s, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc Games-Howell tests were conducted. Results: The frequency of dental treatments increased between 2014–2019 among children aged 5–6. When comparing the frequency of treatments with and without CWF, the number of restorations increased from 54,101 to 135,539, along with a 22% increase in dental checkups. There were significantly fewer treatments performed before the cessation of fluoridation (2014–2015) than after the cessation (2016–2019). Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds underwent more dental treatments. Conclusions: This study indicates that Community Water Fluoridation reduces the incidence of dental caries, particularly evident in the significantly higher number of treatments among those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.