Effect of Bonding Agent on Retention of Different Sealants: An in Vitro Study

Objectives: To investigate the effect of Co-curing versus Staged-curing and No-bonding on retention of different resin-based sealants (RBS). Study design: For shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage tests, 90 extracted premolars were divided equally into 3 groups (I, II, III). Each group was further subdivided equally into 3 subgroups (a, b, c). No-bonding subgroups did not receive a bonding agent, Staged-curing subgroups received a bonding agent that was cured before sealant application, while Co-curing subgroups received a bonding agent that was cured after sealant application. Seal-it was applied for group I, Helioseal-F for group II and Clinpro for group III. SBS buttons were tested using Instron machine, while microleakage specimens were examined using micro-CT. Results: Clinpro showed the highest SBS values in Staged-curing and No-bonding groups (8.72±2.39, 12.51±3.16) respectively. Staged-curing was significantly greater in SBS values than those for other groups (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in microleakage values of Staged-curing among different RBS (P = 0.003), while there was no significant difference in values of No-bonding and Co-curing among different RBS (P = 0.541, P = 0.521). Conclusions: The use of a bonding agent as Staged-curing was more effective in improving sealant retention than No-bonding and Co-curing.

Adhesive bonding; Fissure sealant; Microleakage; Micro-CT; Shear bond strength

1. Wright JT, Crall JJ, Fontana M, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: a report of the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc, 147(8): 672-682, 2016.

2. Barroso JM, Torres CP, Lessa FCR, Pécora JD, Palma-Dibb RG, Borsatto MC. Shear bond strength of pit-and-fissure sealants to saliva-contaminated and noncontaminated enamel. J Dent Child, 72(3): 95-99, 2005.

3. Tulunoglu O, Bodur H, Uctasli M, Alacam A. The effect of bonding agents on the microleakage and bond strength of sealant in primary teeth. J Oral Rehabil, 26(5): 436-441, 1999.

4. Beauchamp J, Caufield PW, Crall JJ, et al. Evidence-based clinical recommendations for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc, 139(3): 257-268, 2008.

5. Ahuja K, Ahuja T. In Vitro Evaluation Of The Enamel Shear Bond Strength Of A Resin And Ormocer Based Sealant, Pretreated With An Antibacterial, A Total Etch And A Self-etch Adhesive. Indian J Dent Sci, 5(4): 12-15, 2013.

6. Asselin ME, Sitbon Y, Fortin D, Abelardo L, Rompre PH. Bond strength of a sealant to permanent enamel: evaluation of 3 application protocols. Pediatr Dent, 31(4): 323-328, 2009.

7. Dhillon J, Pathak A. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of three pit and fissure sealants using conventional etch or self-etching primer. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 30(4): 288-292, 2012.

8. Feigal R, Musherure P, Gillespie B, Levy-Polack M, Quelhas I, Hebling J. Improved sealant retention with bonding agents: a clinical study of two-bottle and single-bottle systems. J Dent Res, 79(11): 1850-1856, 2000.

9. Tandon V, Arora V, Yadav V, et al. Concept of probiotics in dentistry. Int J Dent Med Res, 1(6): 206-209, 2015.

10. Tirali RE, Celik C, Arhun N, Berk G, Cehreli SB. Effect of laser and air abrasion pretreatment on the microleakage of a fissure sealant applied with conventional and self etch adhesives. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 37(3): 281-288, 2013.

11. Aman N, Khan FR, Salim A, Farid H. A randomized control clinical trial of fissure sealant retention: Self etch adhesive versus total etch adhesive. J Conserv Dent, 18(1): 20-24, 2015.

12. Biria M, Ghasemi A, Torabzadeh H, Shisheeian A, Baghban AA. Assessment of microshear bond strength: self-etching sealant versus conventional sealant. J Dent (Tehran, Iran), 11(2): 137-142, 2014.

13. Jacker-Guhr S, Ibarra G, Oppermann L, Lührs A-K, Rahman A, Geurtsen W. Evaluation of microleakage in class V composite restorations using dye penetration and micro-CT. Clin Oral Investig, 20(7): 1709-1718, 2016.

14. Lucena C, López JM, Abalos C, Robles V, Pulgar R. Statistical errors in microleakage studies in operative dentistry. A survey of the literature 2001- 2009. Eur J Oral Sci, 119(6): 504-510, 2011.

15. Pinar A, Sepet E, Aren G, Bölükbaşı N, Ulukapı H, Turan N. Clinical performance of sealants with and without a bonding agent. Quintessence Int, 36(5): 355-360, 2005.

16. Schuldt C, Birlbauer S, Pitchika V, et al. Shear bond strength and microleakage of a new self-etching/self-adhesive pit and fissure sealant. J Adhes Dent, 17(6): 491-497, 2015.

17. Mali P, Deshpande S, Singh A. Microleakage of restorative materials: an in vitro study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 24(1): 15-18, 2006.

18. Raskin A, D’Hoore W, Gonthier S, Degrange M, Déjou J. Reliability of in vitro microleakage tests: A literature review. J Adhes Dent, 3(4): 295-308, 2001.

19. Raskin A, Tassery H, D Hoore W, et al. Influence of the number of sections on reliability of in vitro microleakage evaluations. Am J Dent, 16(3):207-210, 2003.

20. Swain MV, Xue J. State of the art of micro‐CT applications in dental research. Int J Oral Sci, 1(4): 177-188, 2009.

21. De Santis R, Mollica F, Prisco D, Rengo S, Ambrosio L, Nicolais L. A 3D analysis of mechanically stressed dentin-adhesive-composite interfaces using X-ray micro-CT. Biomaterials, 26(3): 257-270, 2005.

22. Chen X, Cuijpers V, Fan M, Frencken J. Marginal leakage of two newer glass-ionomer-based sealant materials assessed using micro-CT. J Dent, 38(9): 731-735, 2010.

23. Chen X, Cuijpers V, Fan M, Frencken J. Validation of micro‐CT against the section method regarding the assessment of marginal leakage of sealants. Aust Dent J, 57(2): 196-199, 2012.

24. Ak AT, Alpoz AR. Effect of saliva contamination on microleakage of three different pit and fissure sealants. Eur J Paediatr Dent, 1: 193-96, 2010.

25. Manhart J, Chen HY, Mehl A, Weber K, Hickel R. Marginal quality and microleakage of adhesive class V restorations. J Dent, 29(2): 123-130, 2001.

26. Kühnisch J, Bedir A, Lo Y-F, et al. Meta-analysis of the longevity of commonly used pit and fissure sealant materials. Dent Mater, xxx.e1-xxx. e11, 2020.

27. Placido E, Meira JB, Lima RG, Muench A, de Souza RM, Ballester RY. Shear versus micro-shear bond strength test: a finite element stress analysis. Dent Mater, 23(9): 1086-1092, 2007.

28. Etemadi S, Smales R, Drummond P, Goodhart J. Assessment of tooth preparation designs for posterior resin‐bonded porcelain restorations. J Oral Rehabil, 26(9): 691-697, 1999.

29. Mixson J, Eick J, Chappell R, Tira D, Moore D. Comparison of two-surface and multiple-surface scoring methodologies for in vitro microleakage studies. Dent Mater, 7(3): 191-196, 1991.

30. Gale M, Darvell B. Dentine permeability and tracer tests. J Dent, 27(1): 1-11, 1999.

31. Boksman L, McConnell R, McCutcheon-Jones E. A 2-year clinical evaluation of two pit and fissure sealants placed with and without the use of a bonding agent. Quintessence Int, 24(2): 131-133, 1993.

32. Pushpalatha H, Ravichandra K, Koya Srikanth GD, Done V, Krishna KB, Patil V. Comparative evaluation of Shear bond strength of different Pit and fissure Sealants in Primary and Permanent teeth-An In-Vitro Study. J Int Oral Health, 6(2):84-89, 2014.

33. Al-Sarheed M. Bond strength of 4 sealants using conventional etch and a self-etching primer. J Dent Child, 73(1): 37-41, 2006.

34. Mascarenhas AK, Nazar H, Al-Mutawaa S, Soparkar P. Effectiveness of primer and bond in sealant retention and caries prevention. Pediatr Dent, 30(1): 25-28, 2008.

35. Askarizadeh N, Norouzi N, Nemati S. The effect of bonding agents on the microleakage of sealant following contamination with saliva. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 26(2): 64-66, 2008.

36. Cehreli ZC, Gungor HC. Quantitative microleakage evaluation of fissure sealants applied with or without a bonding agent: results after four-year water storage in vitro. J Adhes Dent, 10(5): 379-384, 2008.

37. Birlbauer S, Chiang ML, Schuldt C, et al. Shear bond strength and microleakage results for three experimental self-etching primer compositions for pit and fissure sealing. Clin Oral Investig, 21(5): 1465-1473, 2017.