Antibacterial Efficacy of Mouthwash Prepared from Pomegranate, Grape Seed and Guava Extracts against Oral Streptococci: An in Vivo Study

Background: Pomegranate, Grape seed and Guava extracts have much been reviewed in Ayurveda and has been proven to have antibacterial action Aim: The objective of the study is to investigate and compare the mouthwash prepared from pomegranate, grape seed and guava extracts on salivary streptococci levels at the end of 48 hr and 7 days, of twice a day usage. Study design: 40 school going children aged 8–10 yrs, randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=10 for experimental group) were asked to rinse with a) Mouthwash prepared from Pomegranate extract, 15 ml twice a day b) Mouthwash prepared from Grape seed extract, 15 ml twice a day, c) Mouthwash prepared from guava extract, 15 ml twice a day, d) Control- Distil water, twice a day. The oral streptococci colony forming units/ml (CFU/ml) was assessed by inoculating the salivary samples on blood agar media at the end of 48 hrs, and 7 days. Results and Conclusion: the aqueous extracts of the chosen herbal plants showed an acceptable antibacterial efficacy against oral streptococci

Pomegranate extract, grape seed extract, guava extract, antibacterial

1. Lee SS, Zhang W, Li Y. The antimicrobial potential of 14 natural herbal dentifrices: Results of an in vitro diffusion method study. J Am Dent Assoc;13(5):1133-41. 2004.

2. Badria FA, Zidan OA. Natural products for dental caries prevention. J Med Food;7:381-4.2004.

3. Velmurugan A, Madhubala MM, Bhavani S, Satheesh Kumar KS, Sathyanarayana SS, Gurucharan N. An in-vivo comparative evalua-tion of two herbal extracts Emblica officinalis and Terminalia Chebula with chlorhexidine as an anticaries agent: A preliminary study. J Cons Dent.;16(6):546-549. 2013.

4. Chatterjee A, Saluja M, Singh N, Kandwal A. To evaluate the antigingi-vitis and antipalque effect of an Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse on plaque induced gingivitis: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Indian Soc Periodontol;15(4):398-401. 2011.

5. Dodwad V, Kukreja BJ. Propolis mouthwash: A new beginning. J Indian Soc Periodontol;15(2):121-125. 2011.

6. Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta RK, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of Ocimum sanctum and chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. J Ayurveda Integr Med;5(2):109-116. 2014.

7. Jenabian N, Moghadamnia AA, Karami E, Mir A PB. The effect of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) mouthwash on plaque-induced gingi-vitis: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Daru;20(1):39. 2012.

8. Khairnar MR, Karibasappa GN, Dodamani AS, Vishwakarma P, Naik RG, Deshmukh MA. Comparative assessment of Cranberry and Chlorhexi-dine mouthwash on streptococcal colonization among dental students: A randomized parallel clinical trial. Contemp Clin Dent ;6(1):35-39. 2015.

9. Ahuja S, Dodwad V, Kukreja BJ, Mehra P, Kukreja P. A comparative evaluation of efficacy of Punica granatum and chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis. J Int. Clin Dent Res Org; Jan 1;3(1):29. 2011.

10. Esimone CO, Nworu CS, Ekong US, Iroha IR, Okolin CS. A case for the use of herbal extracts in oral hygiene: the efficacy of Psidium guaja-va-based mouthwash formulations. Res J Appl Sci;2:1143-7. 2007.

11. Baydar NG, Sagdic O, Ozkan G, Cetin S. Determination of antibacte-rial effects and total phenolic contents of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts. Int J Food Sci; 41(7):799-804. 2006.

12. Bhandari PR. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L). Ancient seeds for modern cure? Review of potential therapeutic applications. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis ;2:171–84. 2012.

13. Seeram NP, Adams LS, Henning SM, Nio Y, Zhang Y, Nair MG. In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice. J Nutr Biochem; 16(6):360-367. 2005.

14. Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Kinane DF. Generation of inflammatory stimuli: how bacteria set up inflammatory responses in the gingiva. J Clin Periodontol; 32(S6):57-71. 2005.

15. Badria FA, Zidan OA. Natural products for dental caries prevention. J Med Food;7(3):381-384. 2004.

16. Sastravaha G, Yotnuengnit P, Booncong P, Sangtherapitikul P. Adjunc-tive periodontal treatment with Centella asiatica and Punica granatum extracts. A preliminary study. J Int Acad Periodontol; 5(4):106-115. 2003.

17. de Oliveira JR, de Castro VC, das Gracas Figueiredo Vilela P, Camargo SE, Carvalho CA, Jorge AO, et al. Cytotoxicity of Brazilian plant extracts against oral microorganisms of interest to dentistry. BMC Complement Altern Med ;13:208. 2013.

18. Subramaniam P, Dwivedi S, Uma E, Girish Babu KL. Effect of pomegranate and aloe vera extract on streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study. Dent Hypotheses.;3:99–105. 2012.

19. Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dentalplaque. J Herb Pharmacother;6:79–92. 2006.

21. Benjamin S, Sharma R, Thomas SS, Nainan MT.Grape seed extract as a potential remineralizing agent: a comparative in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract;13(4):425-30.2012,

22. Mirkarimi M, Amin-Marashi S, Bargrizan M, Abtahi A, Imani Fooladi A. The Antimicrobial Activity of Grape Seed Extract against Two Important Oral Pathogens. Zah J Res Med Sci; 15 (1) :43-46.2013.

22. Mirkarimi M, Amin-Marashi S, Bargrizan M, Abtahi A, Imani Fooladi A. The Antimicrobial Activity of Grape Seed Extract against Two Important Oral Pathogens. Zah J Res Med Sci; 15 (1) :43-46.2013.

23. Furiga A, Lonvaud-Funel A, Dorignac G and Badet C. In vitro anti bacte-rial and anti adherence effects of natural polyphenolic compounds on oral bacteria. J Appl Microbiol; 105(5): 1470-1476. 2008.

24. Pascale SM, Marie-Helene K, Pierre M and Veronique C. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth by grape seed procyanidins. 2nd Interna-tional Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry (ECSOC-2) 1998.

25. Smullen, J, Koutsou GA,Foster HA, Zumbé Storey DM. “The antibac-terial activity of plant extracts containing polyphenols against Strepto-coccus mutans.” Caries Res ;41(5) : 342-349. 2007.

26. Macheix JJ, Fleuriet A, Billot J: Fruit Phenolics. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1990.

27. Mittal P, Gupta V, Kaur G, Garg AK, Singh A. Phytochemistry and phar-macological activities of Psidium guajava: A Review. Int J Pharm Sci Res; 1(9): 9-19. 2010.

28. Prabu GR, Gnanamani A, Sadulla S. Guaijaverin — a plant flavonoid as potential antiplaque agent against Streptococcus mutans. J Appl Micro-biol;101(2):487-95. 2006.

29. Deng DM, ten Cate JM, Crielaard W. The adaptive response of Strepto-coccus mutans towards oral care products: involvement of the ClpP serine protease. Eur J Oral Sci; 115: 363–370. 2007.