In vitro Determination of the Chromatic Effect of a Silver Nanoparticles Solution Linked to the Gantrez S-97 Copolymer on Tooth Enamel

Silver nanoparticles (NNPs), alone or in combination with the bioadhesive Gantrez S-97, have demonstrated their efficacy against Streptococcus mutans; however, it is not known if this combination changes the color of teeth. The aim of this work was to measure the color changes occurring after the use of a Gantrez-NNP combination on enamel tooth blocks. Two study groups were randomly formed: enamel blocks brushed with a) the Gantrez-NNP combination and b) conventional toothpaste, for 1 minute once daily for 4 weeks, then rinsed with distilled water and placed in thymol solution. Color changes in the enamel blocks were measured using a Minolta colorimeter CR300. Analysis of mixed models was performed with R 2.10.1 at a 95% confidence level, using the nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) package. The results showed that there were no color changes over time, only a high luminosity equal in both groups. Our study showed that the use of the Gantrez-NNP combination is safe with respect to dental esthetics in the control of S. mutans.

nanoparticles, silver, tooth enamel, Gantrez S-97, chromatic effect.

1. Achong RA, Briskie DM, Hildebrandt GH, Feigal RJ, Loesche WJ. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish mouthguards on the levels of selected oral microorganisms in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dent, 21:169–175, 1999.

2. Llodra JC, Rodriguez A, Ferrer B, Menardia V, Ramos T, Morato M., Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars of schoolchildren: 36-month clinical trial. J Dent Res, 84: 721–724, 2005.

3. Yee R, Holmgren C, Mulder J, Lama D, Walker D, van Palenstein Helderman W. Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for arresting caries treatment. J Dent Res, 88: 644–647, 2009.

4. Matsumura Y, Yoshikata K, Kunisaki S, Tsuchido T. Mode of bactericidal action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate. Appl Environ Microbiol, 69: 4278–4281, 2003.

5. Avinash N. Bioadhesives for targeted oral drug delivery. Drug Delivery Report Spring/Summer: 25–32, 2006.

6. Hernández-Sierra JF, Ruiz F, Pena DC, et al. The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold. Nanomedicine, 4: 237–240, 2008.

7. Moura JS, Azevedo Rodrigues LK, Del Ver Cury AA, Xisto Lima EMC, Rodrigues Garcia RMC. Influence of storage solution on enamel demineralization submitted to pH cycling. J Appl Oral Sci, 12: 205–208, 2004.

8. R Development Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org, 2009.

9. Pinheiro J, Bates D,, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, and the R Core team (2009). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1–93.

10. Murdoch-Kinch CA, McLean ME. Minimally invasive dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc, 134: 87–95, 2003.

11. Mjör IA, Gordan VV. A review of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). Int Dent J, 49: 127–131, 1999.

12. Maehara H, Iwami Y, Mayanagi H, Takahashi N. Synergistic inhibition by combination of fluoride and xylitol on glycolysis by mutans streptococci and its biochemical mechanism. Caries Res, 39: 521–528, 2005.

13. Petti S, Hausen H. Caries-preventive effect of chlorhexidine gel applications among high-risk children. Caries Res, 40: 514–521, 2006.

14. Roberts MC, Riedy CA, Coldwell SE, et al. How xylitol-containing products affect cariogenic bacteria. J Am Dent Assoc, 133: 435–441, 2002.

15. Milgrom P, Ly KA, Roberts MC, Rothen M, Mueller G, Yamaguchi DK. Mutans streptococci dose response to xylitol chewing gum. J Dent Res, 85: 177–181, 2006.

16. Yoshihara A, Sakuma S, Kobayashi S, Miyazaki H. Antimicrobial effect of fluoride mouthrinse on mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva. Pediatr Dent, 23: 113–117, 2001.

17. Twetman S. Antimicrobials in future caries control? A review with special reference to chlorhexidine treatment. Caries Res, 38: 223–229, 2004.

18. Davies RM, Ellwood RP, Davies GM. The effectiveness of a toothpaste containing triclosan and polyvinyl-methyl ether maleic acid copolymer in improving plaque control and gingival health: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol, 31: 1029–1033, 2004.

19. Nabi N, Mukerjee C, Schmid R, Gaffar A. In vitro and in vivo studies on triclosan/PVM/MA copolymer/NaF combination as an anti-plaque agent. Am J Dent, 2: 197–206, 1989.

20. Gaffar A, Esposito A, Afflitto J. In vitro and in vivo anticalculus effects of a triclosan/copolymer system. Am J Dent, 3: S37–S42, 1990.

21. Gupta A, Phung LT, Taylor DE, Silver S. Diversity of silver resistance genes in IncH incompatibility group plasmids. Microbiology, 147: 3393–3402, 2001.

22. Thibodeau EA, Handelman SL, Marquis RE. Inhibition and killing of oral bacteria by silver ions generated with low intensity direct current. J Dent Res, 57: 922–926, 1978.

23. Pascual Moscardó A, Camps Alemany I. Chromatic appreciation in the clinic and the laboratory. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 11: E363–E368, 2006.

24. Brewer JD, Wee A, Seghi R. Advances in color matching. Dent Clin North Am, 48: 341–358, 2004.

25. Sulieman M. An overview of tooth discoloration: Extrinsic, intrinsic and internalized stains. Dent Update, 32: 463–471, 2005.

26. Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature. Br Dent J, 190: 309–316, 2001.

27. Burkinshaw SM. Colour in relation to dentistry. Fundamentals of colour science. Br Dent J, 196: 33–41, 2004.

28. Hammad IA. Intrarater repeatability of shade selections with two shade guides. J Prosthet Dent, 89: 50–53, 2003.

29. Paul S, Peter A, Pietrobon N, Hämmerle CH. Visual and spectrophotometric shade analysis of human teeth. J Dent Res, 81: 578–582, 2002.

30. Tung FF, Goldstein GR, Jang S, Hittelman E. The repeatability of an intraoral dental colorimeter. J Prosthet Den,t 88: 585–590, 2002.

31. Amaechi BT, Higham SM. Development of a quantitative method to monitor the effect of a tooth whitening agent. J Clin Dent, 13:100–103, 2002.

32. Gallagher A, Maggio B, Bowman J, Borden L, Mason S, Felix H. Clinical study to compare two in-office (chairside) whitening systems. J Clin Dent, 13: 219–224, 2002.

33. Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage. Recommendations on uniform color spaces. Color difference equations. Psychometric color terms. Suppl 2 to CIE publication 15 (E-13.1) 1971/(TC-1.3), 1978. Paris: Bureau Central de la CIE.