Article Data

  • Views 1117
  • Dowloads 235

Original Research

Open Access

Dental Pulp Neuropathophysiology

  • Naveen Manuja1,*,
  • Rajni Nagpal1
  • I K Pandit1
  • Seema Chaudhary1

1Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

2Department of Conservative Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

3Department of Paediatric Dentistry, DAV Dental College, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India

4Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College, Moradabad, Uttarpradesh, India.

DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.35.2.t13t4834j3567rp5 Vol.35,Issue 2,March 2011 pp.121-128

Published: 01 March 2011

*Corresponding Author(s): Naveen Manuja E-mail: naveenmanuja@yahoo.com

Abstract

Mechanisms of pulpal pathophysiology are complex and the low compliance environment in which the dental pulp is allocated, further enhances the complexity of this process. Although it is known that it involves the interaction of the immune cells, pulpal cells, cytokines, chemokines and multiple neuropeptides but still there are many gaps in our current knowledge. The understanding of the biochemical and molecular pathways involved in the pulpal inflammation is important so that it can be used clinically to keep the dental pulp vital and healthy. It may thus provide an opportunity to develop potentially new treatment modalities for the inflamed dental pulp in future.

Keywords

Pulpal pathophysiology, Neurogenic inflammation, Immune response.

Cite and Share

Naveen Manuja,Rajni Nagpal,I K Pandit,Seema Chaudhary. Dental Pulp Neuropathophysiology. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2011. 35(2);121-128.

References

1. Lundy FT, Linden GJ. Neuropeptides and neurogenic mechanisms in oral and periodontal inflammation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 15: 82–98, 2004.

2. Avery JK, Cox CF, Chiego DJ Jr. Presence and location of adrenergic nerve endings in the dental pulps of mouse molars. Anat Rec, 198: 59–71, 1980.

3. Byers MR, Narhi MV, Dong WK. Sensory innervation of pulp and dentin in adult dog teeth as demonstrated by autoradiography. Anat Rec, 218: 207–215, 1987.

4. Hoyle CHV. Neuropeptides, essential data. Chichester, UK: John Wiley&Sons, 1995. 5. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Munoz HR, Azeuro-Holguin MM et al. Neuropeptides in dental pulp: The silent protagonists. J Endod, 34: 773–788, 2008

6. Olgart L, Gazelius B, Brodin E et al. Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity from the dental pulp. Acta Physiol Scand, 101: 510–512, 1977.

7. Wakisaka S, Ichikawa H, Nishimoto T et al. Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the pulp-dentine zone of human molar teeth demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Arch Oral Biol, 29: 73–75, 1984.

8. Byers MR, Taylor PE, Khayat BG et al (1990) Effects of injury and inflammation on pulpal and periapical nerves. J Endod, 16: 78–84, 1990.

9. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Correa-Ortiz JA, Gracia LV et al. The effect of cavity preparation on substance P expression in human dental pulp. J Endod, 31: 857–859, 2005.

10. Awawdeh I, Lundy FT, Shaw C et al. Quantitave analysis of substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp tissue from painful and healthy human teeth. Int Endod J, 35: 30–36, 2002.

11. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Lombana N, Azuero-Holguin MM et al. Quantification of neuropeptides (calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y and Vasoactive intestinal peptide) expressed in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp. Int Endod J, 39: 394–400, 2006.

12. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Gutierrez-Guerra JE, Salazar F Pichardo D et al. Substance P receptor expression in healthy and inflamed human pulp tissue. Int Endod J, 40: 106–111, 2007.

13. Wakisaka S. Neuropeptides in the dental pulp: distribution, origins and correlation. J Endod, 16: 67–69, 1990.

14. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Camargo-Beltran C, Gomez-la-Rotta AM et al. Expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in irreversible acute pulpitis. J Endod, 30: 201–204, 2004.

15. Fristard I, Vandevska-Radunovic V, Fjeld et al. NK1, NK2, NK3 and CGRP1 receptors identified in rat oral soft tissues and in bone and dental hard tissue cells. Cell Tissue Res, 311: 383–391, 2003.

16. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Arenas N, Guiza O et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor expression in healthy and inflamed human pulp tissue. Int Endod J, 38: 712–717, 2005.

17. Luthman J, Luthman D, Hokfelt T. Occurrence and distribution of different neurochemical markers in the human dental pulp. Arch Oral Biol, 37: 193–208, 1992.

18. El Karim IA, Lamey PJ, Lindon GJ et al. Caries-induced changes in the expression of pulpal neuropeptide Y. Eur J Oral Sci, 114: 133–137, 2006.

19. Uddman R, Bjorlin G, Moller B et al. Occurrence of VIP nerves in mammalian dental pulps. Acta Odontol Scand, 38: 325–328, 1980.

20. Lundberg P, Lie A, Bjurholm A et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates osteoclast activity via specific binding sites on both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone, 27: 803–810, 2000.

21. Sakakibara H, Shima K, Said SI. Characterization of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors on rat alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol, 267: 1256–1262, 1994.

22. Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumgartner JC. Endodontics. 6th ed, BC Decker Inc, Hamilton; 118–150, 2008.

23. Takahashi KK. Vascular architecture of dog pulp using corrosion resin cast examined under a scanning electron microscope. J Dent Res, 64: 579–584, 1985.

24. Dahl E, Major IA. The fine structure of the vessels in the human dental pulp. Acta Odontol Scand, 31: 223–230, 1973.

25. Kim S, Liu M, Simchin S, Dorcher-Kim JE. Effects of selected inflammatory mediators in blood flow and vascular permeability in the dental pulp. Proc Finn Dent Soc, 88: 387, 1992.

26. Richardson JD, Vasko MR. Cellular mechanisms of neurogenic inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 302: 839–845, 2002.

27. Kvinnsland I, Heyeraas KJ. Effect of traumatic occlusion on CGRP and SP immunoreactive nerve fiber morphology in rat molar pulp and periodontium. Histochemistry, 97: 111–120, 1992.

28. Byers MR, Taylor PE. Effect of sensory denervation on the response of rat molar pulp to exposure injury. J Dent Res, 72: 613–618, 1993.

29. Rodd HD, Boissonade FM. Substance P expression in human tooth pulp in relation to caries and pain experience. Eur J Oral Sci, 108: 467–474, 2000.

30. Todd WM, Kafrawy AH, Newton CW et al. Immunohistochemical study of gamma-aminobutyric acid and bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide in human dental pulp. J Endod, 23: 152–157, 1997.

31. Olgart L. Neural control of pulpal blood flow. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 7(2): 159–171, 1996.

32. Gazelius B, Edwall B, Olgart L et al. Vasodilatory effects and coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P in sensory nerves of cat dental pulp. Acta Physiol Scand, 130:. 33–40, 1987.

33. Matthews B, Vongsavan N. Interactions between neural and hydrodynamic mechanisms in detine and pulp. Arach Oral Biol, 39(Suppl): 87S–95S, 1994.

34. Narhi M, Jyvasjarvi E, Virtanen A et al. Role of intradental A- and Ctype nerve fibers in dental pain mechanisms. Proc Finn Dent Soc, 88(Suppl 1): 507–16, 1992.

35. Ruff MR, Whal SM, Pert CB. Substance P receptor mediated chemotaxis of human monocytes. Peptides 6(Suppl 2): 107–111, 1985.

36. Bar-Shavit Z, Goldman R, Stabinsky Y et al. Enhancement of phagocytosis: a newly found activity of substance P residing in its N-terminal tetrapeptide sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 94: 1445–1451, 1980.

37. Lotz M, Vaughan IH, Carson DA. Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science, 241: 1218–1221, 1988.

38. Payan DG, Brewster DR, Goetzl EJ. Specific stimulation of human Tlymphocytes by substance P. J Immunol, 131: 1613–1615, 1983.

39. Calco CF, Chavanel G, Senik A. Substance P enhances IL-2 expression in activated human T-cells. J Immunol, 148: 3498–3504, 1992.

40. Umeda Y, Takamiya M, Yoshizaki H et al. Inhibition of mitogen stimulated T-lymphocyte proliferation by Calcitonin gene related peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 154: 227–235, 1988.

41. Nong YH, Titus RG, Ribeiro IMC et al. Peptides encoded by the calcitonin gene inhibit macrophsge function. J Immunol, 143: 45–49, 1989.

42. Hosoi I, Murphy GF, Egan CL et al. Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene related peptide. Nature, 363: 159–163, 1993.

43. Hargreaves KM, Swift JQ, Roszkowski MT et al. Pharmacology of peripheral neuropeptide and inflammatory mediator release. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 78: 503–510, 1994.

44. Patel T, Park SH, Lin LM et al. Substance P induces interleukin-8 secretion from human dental pulp cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 96: 478–485, 2003.

45. Trantor IR, Messer HH, Bimer R. The effects of neuropeptides ( calcitonin gene related peptide and substance P) on cultured human pulp cells. J Dent Res, 74: 1066–1071, 1995.

46. Bongenhielm U, Haegerstrand A, Theodorsson E et al. Effects of neuropeptides on growth of cultivated rat molar pulp fibroblasts. Regul Pep, 60: 91–98, 1995.

47. Caiiand JW, Harris SE, Carnes DL Jr. Human Pulp Cells respond to calcitonin gene-related peptide in vitro. J Endod, 23(8): 485–489, 1997.

48. Haug SR, Heyeraas KJ. Modulation of Dental Inflammation by the Sympathetic Nervous System. J Dent Res, 85: 488–495, 2006.

49. Haug SR, Heyeraas KJ. Effects of sympathectomy on experimentally induced pulpal inflammation and periapical lesions in rats. Neuroscience, 120: 827–836, 2003.

50. Okiji T, Jontell M, Belichenko P et al. Perivascular dendritic cells of the human dental pulp. Acta Physiol Scand, 159: 163–169, 1997.

51. Jontell M, Gunraj MN, Bergenholtz G. Immunocompetent cells in the normal dental pulp. J Dent Res, 66: 1149–1153, 1987.

52. Mac Donald KP, Munster DJ, Clark GJ et al. Characterization of human blood dendritic cell subsets. Blood, 100(13): 4512–4520, 2002.

53. Delneste Y, Herbault N, Galea B et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide synergizes with TNF-alpha in inducing human dendritic cell maturation. J Immunol, 163(6): 3071–3075, 1999.

54. Izumi T, Kobayashi I, Okamura K et al. An immunohistochemical study of HLA-DR and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-positive cells in the pulp of human non-carious and carious teeth. Arch Oral Biol, 41(7): 627–630, 1996.

55. Harmon MA, Tew JG, Best AM, Hahn CL. Mature dendritic cells in inflamed human dental pulp beneath deep caries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 107(5): 727–732, 2009.

56. Mellman I, Turley SJ, Steinman RM. Antigen processing for amateurs and professionals. Trends Cell Biol, 8(6): 231–237, 1998.

57. Fujiwara N, Kobayashi K. Macrophages in inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy, 4(3): 281–286, 2005.

58. Botero TM, Mantellini MG, Song W et al. Effect of lipopolysaccharides on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in mouse pulp cells and macrophages. Eur J Oral, Sci 111: 228–34, 2003.

59. D’Souza R, Brown L, Newland J et al. Detection and characterization of interleukin-1 in human dental pulps. Archs Oral Biol, 34(5): 307–313, 1989.

60. Pezelj-Ribaric S, Anic I, Brekalo I et al. Detection of tumour necrosis factor alpha in normal and inflamed human dental pulps. Arch Med Res, 33(5): 482–484, 2002.

61. Lebre MC, Burwell T, Vieira PL et al. Differential expression of inflammatory chemokines by Th1- and Th2-cell promoting dendritic cells: a role for different mature dendritic cell populations in attracting appropriate effector cells to peripheral sites of inflammation. Immun Cell Biol, 83(5): 525–535, 2005.

62. Hahn CL, Best AM, Tew JG. Comparison of type 1 and type 2 cytokine production by mononuclear cells cultured with streptococcus mutans and selected other caries bacteria. J Endod, 30(5): 333–338, 2004.

63. O’ Garra A. Cytokines induce the development of functionally heterogenous T helper cell subsets. Immunity, 8(3): 275–283, 1998.

64. Fiorentine DF, Zlotnik A, Vieira P et al. IL 10 acts on the antigen presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol, 146(10): 3444–3451, 1991.

65. Hahn CL, Best AM, Tew JG. Cytokine induction by Streptococcus mutans and pulpal pathogenesis. Infect Immun, 68(12): 6758–6759, 2000.

66. Rauschenberger CR, Bailey JC, Cootauco CJ. Detection of human IL2 in normal and inflamed dental pulps. J Endod, 23(6): 366–370, 1997.

67. Rennick D, Davidson N, Berg D. Interleukin-10 gene knock- out mice: a model of chronic inflammation. Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 76(3 Pt 2): 174–178, 1995.

68. Schindler R, Mancilla J, Endres S et al. Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresse IL-1 and TNF. Blood, 75(1): 40–47, 1990.

69. Mantovani A, Sica A, Sozzani S et al. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol, 25(12): 677–686, 2004.

70. Piattelli A, Rubini C, Fioroni M et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) expression in normal healthy pulps and in those with irreversible pulpitis. Int Endod J, 37(2): 114–119, 2004.

71. Krutzik SR, Sieling PA, Modlin RL. The role of Toll-like receptors in host defense against microbial infection. Curr Opin Immunol, 13: 104–108, 2001.

72. Auernhammer CJ, Melmed S. The central role of SOCS-3 in integrating the neuro-immunoendocrine interface. J Clin Invest, 108: 1735–1740, 2001.

73. Dalpke AH, Opper S, Zimmermann S et al. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and SOCS-3 are induced by CpG-DNA and modulate cytokine responses in APCs. J Immunol, 166: 7082–7089, 2001.

74. Luster AD. Chemokines- chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med, 338(7): 436–445, 1998.

75. Hahn CL, Liewebr FR. Update on the adaptive immune responses of the dental pulp. J Endod, 33: 773–781, 2007.

76. Yoshie O, Imai T, Nomiyama H. Chemokines in immunity. Adv Immunol, 78: 57–110,2001.

77. He M, Lau HY, Ng SW, Bhatia M. Chemokines in acute inflammation: regulation, function and therapeutic strategies. Int J Integ Biol, 1:18–27, 2007.

78. Nakanishi T, Takahashi K, Ozaki K, Nakae H, Matsuo T. An immunohistologic study on the localization of selected bacteria and chemokines in human deep-carious teeth. In : Ishikawa T, Takahashi K, Maeda T, Suda H, Shimono M, Inoue T, eds. Proceedings of the International Conference on dental pulp complex 2001, Chiba, Japan. Chicago: Quintessence; 143–145, 2001.

79. Nakanishi T, Takahashi K, Hosokawa Y, Adachi T, Nakae H, Matuso T. Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha in human inflamed dental pulp tissue. J Endod, 31(2): 84–87, 2005.

80. Sozzani S, Locati M, Zhou D, et al. Receptors, signal transduction, and spectrum of action of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and related chemokines. J Leukoc Biol, 57(5): 788–794, 1995.

81. Adachi T, Nakanishi T, Yumoto H, Hirao K, Mukai K, Nakae H, Matuso T. Caries-related bacteria and cytokines induce CXCL10 in dental pulp. J Dent Res, 86: 1217–1222, 2007.

82. Takahashi K, Nakanishi T, Yumoto H, Adachi T, Matuso T. CCL20 production is induced in human upon stimulation by streptococcus mutans and proinflammatory cytokines. J Oral Microbiol and Immunol, 23(4): 320–327, 2008.

83. Ren K, Iadarola M, Dubner R. An isobolographic analysis of the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate and NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonists on inflammatory hyperalgesia in the rat. Br J Pharmacol, 117: 196–202, 1996.

84. Farges JC, Romeas A, Melin M et al. TGF-ß1 Induces Accumulation of Dendritic Cells in the Odontoblast Layer. J Dent Res, 82(8): 652–656, 2003.

85. Wallet M, Sen P, Tisch R. Immunoregulation of dendritic cells. Clin Med Res, 393: 166–175, 2005.

86. Artese L, Rubini C, Ferrero G et al. Vascular Endothelial Growth factor (VEGF) expression in healthy and inflamed human dental pulps. J Endod, 28(1): 20–23, 2002.

87. Steinman RM, Hawiger D, Nussenzweig MC. Tolerogenic Dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol, 21: 685–711, 2003.

88. Hahn CL, Liewebr FR. Innate Immune Responses of the Dental Pulp to Caries. J Endod, 33: 643–651, 2007.

Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,500 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Biological Abstracts Easily discover critical journal coverage of the life sciences with Biological Abstracts, produced by the Web of Science Group, with topics ranging from botany to microbiology to pharmacology. Including BIOSIS indexing and MeSH terms, specialized indexing in Biological Abstracts helps you to discover more accurate, context-sensitive results.

Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

JournalSeek Genamics JournalSeek is the largest completely categorized database of freely available journal information available on the internet. The database presently contains 39226 titles. Journal information includes the description (aims and scope), journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.

Current Contents - Clinical Medicine Current Contents - Clinical Medicine provides easy access to complete tables of contents, abstracts, bibliographic information and all other significant items in recently published issues from over 1,000 leading journals in clinical medicine.

BIOSIS Previews BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing. It is part of Clarivate Analytics Web of Science suite. BIOSIS Previews indexes data from 1926 to the present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Scopus: CiteScore 1.8 (2023) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Submission Turnaround Time

Conferences

Top