Article Data

  • Views 970
  • Dowloads 180

Original Research

Open Access

Salivary Ferritin as a Predictive Marker of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

  • Jagannathan N1,*,
  • Thiruvengadam C1
  • Ramani P1
  • Premkumar P1
  • Natesan A1
  • Sherlin HJ1

1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India

DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.37.1.ap20543762015370 Vol.37,Issue 1,January 2013 pp.25-30

Published: 01 January 2013

*Corresponding Author(s): Jagannathan N E-mail: nithubds@gmail.com

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the salivary Ferritin levels in children with iron deficiency anemia and its reliability as a predictive marker of the disease and whether these levels could give a new hypothetical insight on the oral epithelial changes seen in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Study Design: The study comprised of 60 children of which the study group comprised of 30 individuals; aged 8-14 years with iron deficiency anemia. Venous blood was collected and hematological examination was performed to determine the hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels to confirm the diagnosis. Saliva was then collected from 30 children with iron deficiency anemia and an equal number of controls. The ferritin levels in saliva were then analyzed using solid phase ELISA. Result: The mean value of salivary ferritin in iron deficient cases was 153.24±46.58 µg/dl and the mean ferritin levels in control subject were 93.87±30.15 µg/dl. Thus the salivary ferritin was found to be significantly higher in iron deficient subjects compared to the controls. Conclusion: The result of our research affirms the fact that the expression of ferritin in saliva of iron deficiency anemia may be due to the enzymatic functions in the saliva and the endocytosis of ferritin which can possibly elevate the salivary ferritin. The diminished level of cytochrome oxidase, together with its relatively high Ferritin content, depicts the association of oral epithelial changes and ferritin occurring in iron deficiency anemia.

Keywords

Ferritin, anemia, children, saliva, epithelium, ELISA

Cite and Share

Jagannathan N,Thiruvengadam C,Ramani P,Premkumar P,Natesan A,Sherlin HJ. Salivary Ferritin as a Predictive Marker of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2013. 37(1);25-30.

References

1. Coutinho GG, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Bertelli EC. Iron deficiency ane-mia in children: a challenge for public health and for society. Sao Paulo Med J, 123: 88–92, 2005.

2. Clark  SF.  Iron  deficiency  anemia:  diagnosis  and  management.  Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 25: 122–128, 2009.

3. Allen LH. Interventions for micronutrient deficiency control in devel-oping countries: past, present and future. J Nutr, 133: 3875S–3878S, 2003.

4. Youdim Mb, Yehuda S. The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: involvement of dopamine-opiate sys-tem. Cell Mol Biol, 46: 491–500, 2000.

5. Rashid Z, Kumar A, Komar M. Plummer-Vinson syndrome and post-cricoid carcinoma. Late complications of unrecognized celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol, 94: 1991, 1999.

6. Harris OD, Cooke WT, Thompson H, Waterhouse JA. Malignancy in adult  coeliac  disease  and  idiopathic  steatorrhea.  Am  J  Med,  42: 899–912, 1967.

7. JS Rennie, DG MacDonald, JH Dagg . Iron and the oral epithelium: a review. JRl Soc Med, 77: 602–607, 1984.

8. Egdar WM. Saliva: Its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J, 172: 305–312, 1992.

9. Forman DT, Vye MV. Immunoradiometric serum ferritin concentration compared  with  stainable  bone-marrow  iron  as  indices  to  iron  stores, Clin Chem, 26: 145–147, 1980.

10. Giordani  A,  Haigle  J,  Leflon  P,  Risler  A,  Salmon  S,  Aubailly M, Mazière JC, Santus R, Morlière P. Contrasting effects of excess fer-ritin expression on the iron-mediated oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl  hydroperoxide  or  ultraviolet-A  in  human  fibroblasts  and keratinocytes, J Photochem Photobiol, B 54: 43–54, 2000.

11. Branten AJ, Swinkels DW, Klasen IS, Wetzels JF. Serum ferritin levels are  increased  in  patients  with  glomerular  diseases  and  proteinuria, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 19: 2754–2760, 2004.

12. Agarwal PK, Agarwal KN, Agarwal DK Biochemical changes in saliva of malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr, 39: 181–184, 1984.

13. Jenkins GN. Saliva In: Physiology and biochemistry of the mouth, Ed 4, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 284–359, 1978.

14. Wang W, Knovich MA, Coffman LG, Torti FM, Torti SV. Serum fer-ritin:  Past,  present  and  future.  Biochim  Biophys Acta,  1800:  760–9, 2010.

15. KS Phiri, JCJ Calis, A Siyasiya, I Bates, B Brabin, MBV Hensbroek. New cut-off values for ferritin and soluble transferring receptor for the assessment of iron deficiency in children in a high infection spressure area. J Clin Pathol, 62: 1103–1106, 2009.

16. Mishra OP, Agarwal KN, Agarwal RM. Salivary iron status in children with iron deficiency and iron overload. J Trop Peditr, 38: 64–67, 1992.

17. World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diag-nosis  of  anemia  and  assessment  of  severity.  Vitamin  and  Mineral Nutrition  Information  System.  Geneva,  World  Health  Organization, 2011.

18. Vazesh NM. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 694: 72–77, 1993.

19. Raijmakers MT, Menting CH,. Vader HL, Van Der Graaf. F. Collection of  Blood  Specimens  by Venipuncture  for  Plasma-Based  Coagulation Assays: Necessity of a Discard Tube, Am J Clin Pathol, 133: 331–335, 2010.

20. Sayed  NE,  Gad  A,  Nofal  L,  Zeid  HA,  HE  Morshedy,  SE  Waseef. Assessment of the prevalence and potential determinants of nutritional anemia in Upper Egypt. Food Nutr Bull, 20: 417–421, 1999.

21. Integrated  management  of  childhood  illness:  conclusions.  WHO Division  of  Child  and  Development.  Bull  World  Health  Organ,  75: S119–28, 1997.

22. Muhe L, B Oljira, H Degefu, S Jaffar, MW.Weber. Evaluation of clini-cal pallor in the identification and treatment of children with moderate and severe anemia, Trop Med Int Health, 5: 805–810, 2000.

23. AR  Hand,  R  Coleman,  MR  Mazariegos,  J  Lustmann,  LV  Lotti. Endocytosis of Proteins by Salivary Gland Duct Cells. J Dent Res, 66: 412–41, 1987.

24. Peter L Reilly, Peter S Davis Donald, J Deller, Iron Binding Properties of Saliva. Nature, 217: 68, 1968.

25. Coleman R, Hand AR. Endocytosis of native and cationized ferritin by intralobular duct cells of the rat parotid gland. 249: 577–86, 1987.

26. RG Sajfutdinov, LI Larina, Tamara IV, MG Voronkov. Electron para-magnetic resonance in biochemistry and medicine, New York Springer publishers, 111–112, 2001.

27. Thomson ABR, Olatunbosun D, Valberg LS. Interrelation of intestinal transport system for manganese and iron. J Lab Clin Med, 78: 642–55, 1971.

28. Rossander-Hultén L, Brune M, Sandström B, Lönnerdal B, Hallberg L. Competitive  inhibition  of  iron  absorption  by  manganese  and  zinc  in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 54: 152–6, 1991.

29. Waldenstrom, J. Iron and Epithelium-Some Clinical Observations. Acta Med Scand, 90: 380–382, 1938.

30. R. Gopalakrishna, B. Nagarajan. A simplified procedure for the esti-mation of arginine in plasma and urine using arginase Clin Chim Acta, 106: 333–337, 1980.

31. Jacobs A. Iron-containing enzymes in the buccal epithelium. Lancet, 133: 1–33, 1961.

32. Dagg JH, Jackson JM, Curry B, Goldberg A. Cytochrome Oxidase in Latent  Iron  Deficiency  (Sideropenia).  Br  J  Haematol,  12:  331–333, 1966.

33. Toskes PP, Smith GW, Bensinger TA, Giannelia RA, Conrad ME. Folic acid  abnormalities  in  iron  deficiency:  the  mechanism  of  decreased serum folate levels in rats. Am J Clin Nutr, 27: 355–361, 1974.

34. Ohshima M, Osaki T, Yoneda K, Matslgi H, Taste abnormatity and its etiology 43 glossal pain without clinical manifestations, Asian J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 5: 13–20, 1993.

35. Osaki  T,  Ueta  E,  Arisawa  K,  Kitamura  Y,  Matsugi  N.  The Pathophysiology of Glossal Pain in Patients with Iron Deficiency and Anemia. Am J Med Sci, 318: 324–9, 1999.

36. Almeida RS, Brunke S, Albrecht A, Thewes S, Laue M, Edwards JE, Fikker SG, Hube B The Hyphal-Associated Adhesion and Invasion of Candida albicans Mediates Iron Acquisition from Host Ferritin PLOS Pathog, 4: 217–225, 2008.

37. J Fletcher, J Mather, MJ Lewis, G Whiting. Mouth lesions in iron defi-ciency anemia relationship to candida albicans in saliva and to impair-ment of lymphocyte transformation. J Infect Dis, 131: 44–50, 1975.

Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,500 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Biological Abstracts Easily discover critical journal coverage of the life sciences with Biological Abstracts, produced by the Web of Science Group, with topics ranging from botany to microbiology to pharmacology. Including BIOSIS indexing and MeSH terms, specialized indexing in Biological Abstracts helps you to discover more accurate, context-sensitive results.

Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

JournalSeek Genamics JournalSeek is the largest completely categorized database of freely available journal information available on the internet. The database presently contains 39226 titles. Journal information includes the description (aims and scope), journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.

Current Contents - Clinical Medicine Current Contents - Clinical Medicine provides easy access to complete tables of contents, abstracts, bibliographic information and all other significant items in recently published issues from over 1,000 leading journals in clinical medicine.

BIOSIS Previews BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing. It is part of Clarivate Analytics Web of Science suite. BIOSIS Previews indexes data from 1926 to the present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Scopus: CiteScore 1.8 (2023) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Submission Turnaround Time

Conferences

Top