Article Data

  • Views 384
  • Dowloads 158

Original Research

Open Access

Effectiveness of motivational interviewing, animation videos, and jaw model instruction on oral hygiene in 4–6 years old children: a randomized controlled trial

  • Peris Celikel1,*,
  • Zeynep Yıldızbas1
  • Fatma Sarac1
  • Fatih Sengul1
  • Aybike Bas1
  • Sera Simsek Derelioglu1

1Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey

DOI: 10.22514/jocpd.2025.058 Vol.49,Issue 3,May 2025 pp.119-126

Submitted: 24 June 2024 Accepted: 13 September 2024

Published: 03 May 2025

*Corresponding Author(s): Peris Celikel E-mail: peris.celikel@atauni.edu.tr

Abstract

Background: Dental caries is the most common noncommunicable disease worldwide, particularly affecting young children due to ineffective plaque control. Effective and engaging oral health education methods are critical for establishing proper brushing habits in early childhood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different tooth brushing training methods on dental plaque accumulation in preschool-aged children. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 45 healthy children aged 4–6 years. Participants were randomly assigned into three groups (n=15 each): a control group receiving traditional instruction using a jaw model, an animation video group, and a motivational interviewing (MI) group. The plaque index (PI) was recorded at baseline and two weeks after the interventions. Gender distribution was also evaluated in relation to PI outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate comparative tests with significance set at (p < 0.05). Results: Significant reductions in plaque index scores were observed in both the MI group (baseline: 1.9 ± 0.5; follow-up: 1.26 ± 0.55) and animation video groups (baseline: 1.77 ± 0.72; follow-up: 1.34 ± 0.62) (p < 0.05). The control group showed no statistically significant change in PI scores. Gender had no significant effect on plaque index outcomes. Conclusions: Motivational interviewing and animated video-based education were more effective than traditional jaw model instruction in reducing dental plaque in preschool children. These interactive and child-friendly approaches may enhance the effectiveness of oral hygiene education in early childhood settings and could be recommended for widespread use in preventive pediatric dentistry programs. Clinical Trial Registration: This study was registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (code: TCTR20240628004).


Keywords

Toothbrushing; Oral Hygiene; Motivational Interviewing; Education, Preschool Children


Cite and Share

Peris Celikel,Zeynep Yıldızbas,Fatma Sarac,Fatih Sengul,Aybike Bas,Sera Simsek Derelioglu. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing, animation videos, and jaw model instruction on oral hygiene in 4–6 years old children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2025. 49(3);119-126.

References

[1] Sengül F, Urvasızoğlu G, Derelioǧlu S, Seddik T, Çelikel P, Baş A. Early childhood caries in 4- to 5-year-old children in Erzurum, Turkey. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; 9: 725501.

[2] Uribe SE, Innes N, Maldupa I. The global prevalence of early childhood caries: a systematic review with meta-analysis using the WHO diagnostic criteria. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2021; 31: 817–830.

[3] Kareem AR, Alwaheb AM. The impact of the socioeconomic status (SES) on the oral health status among 15 year-old school adolescents in Kerbala city/Iraq. Bionatura. 2023; 8: 1–8.

[4] Butera A, Maiorani C, Morandini A, Simonini M, Morittu S, Trombini J, et al. Evaluation of children caries risk factors: a narrative review of nutritional aspects, oral hygiene habits, and bacterial alterations. Children. 2022; 9: 262.

[5] Ceyhan D, Akdik C, Kirzioglu Z. An educational programme designed for the evaluation of effectiveness of two tooth brushing techniques in preschool children. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2018; 19: 181–186.

[6] Vanobbergen J, Declerck D, Mwalili S, Martens L. The effectiveness of a 6-year oral health education programme for primary schoolchildren. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2024; 32: 173-182.

[7] Salama F, Abobakr I, Al-Khodair N, Al-Wakeel M. Evaluation of tablet PC as a tool for teaching tooth brushing to children. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2016; 17: 327–331.

[8] Khan IM, Mani SA, Doss JG, Danaee M, Kong LYL. Pre-schoolers’ tooth brushing behaviour and association with their oral health: a cross sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21: 283.

[9] Atif M, Tewari N, Saji S, Srivastav S, Rahul M. Effectiveness of various methods of educating children and adolescents for the maintenance of oral health: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2024; 34: 229–245.

[10] Nakre PD, Harikiran AG. Effectiveness of oral health education programs: a systematic review. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2013; 3: 103–115.

[11] Amir HN, Zaidi AB, Mohiuddin S, Firdous SN. Pamphlet or a lecture, which method is more effective in educating children about proper ways of tooth brushing? Quasi-experimental study. Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association. 2023; 32: 114–119.

[12] Harapan IK, Ratuela JE, Tahulending A. Analysis between anımated video and dental phantom in tooth brushing education. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan. 2022; 11: 34–39.

[13] Kitsaras G, Goodwin M. Portrayal of oral hygiene and risk behaviours in animated movies. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2023; 4: 1116717.

[14] Al-Hammouri MM, Rababah JA. Testing a modified motivational interviewing counseling program. Journal of Professional Nursing. 2024; 51: 90–96.

[15] Rollnick S, Miller WR. What is motivational interviewing? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 1995; 23: 325–334.

[16] Chan CCK, Chan AKY, Chu CH, Tsang YC. Theory-based behavioral change interventions to improve periodontal health. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2023; 4: 1067092.

[17] Banchonhattakit P, Duangsong R, Muangsom N, Kamsong T, Phangwan K. Effectiveness of brain-based learning and animated cartoons for enhancing healthy habits among school children in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2015; 27: Np2028–Np2039.

[18] Harrison R, Benton T, Everson-Stewart S, Weinstein P. Effect of motivational interviewing on rates of early childhood caries: a randomized trial. Pediatric Dentistry. 2007; 29: 16–22.

[19] Ramezaninia J, Naghibi Sistani MM, Ahangari Z, Gholinia H, Jahanian I, Gharekhani S. Comparison of the effect of toothbrushing education via video, lecture and pamphlet on the dental plaque index of 12-year-old children. Children. 2018; 5: 50.

[20] Yıldız İ, Bayat M. Using motivational interviewing in children and adolescents. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences. 2018; 3: 249–257.

[21] Arrow P, Raheb J, McInnes R. Motivational interviewing and childhood caries: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20: 4239.

[22] Vorwerk L, Ghassemi A, Hooper W, Patel V, Milleman J, Milleman K. Comparative plaque removal efficacy of a new powered toothbrush and a manual toothbrush. Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 2016; 27: 76–79.

[23] Deinzer R, Weik U, Eidenhardt Z, Leufkens D, Sälzer S. Manual toothbrushing techniques for plaque removal and the prevention of gingivitis—a systematic review with network meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2024; 19: e0306302.

[24] Silness J, Löe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1964; 22: 121–135.

[25] Stenman J, Lundgren J, Wennström JL, Ericsson JS, Abrahamsson KH. A single session of motivational interviewing as an additive means to improve adherence in periodontal infection control: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2012; 39: 947–954.

[26] Jönsson B, Ohrn K, Oscarson N, Lindberg P. The effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on oral hygiene behaviour in patients with periodontal disease: a blinded randomized-controlled clinical trial (one-year follow-up). Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2009; 36: 1025–1034.

[27] Skaret E, Weinstein P, Kvale G, Raadal M. An intervention program to reduce dental avoidance behaviour among adolescents: a pilot study. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2003; 4: 191–196.

[28] Ismail AI, Ondersma S, Jedele JM, Little RJ, Lepkowski JM. Evaluation of a brief tailored motivational intervention to prevent early childhood caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011; 39: 433–448.

[29] Freudenthal JJ, Bowen DM. Motivational interviewing to decrease parental risk-related behaviors for early childhood caries. Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2010; 84: 29–34.

[30] Nomair AM, Hamza MA. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing and games on oral hygiene of children and oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior of mothers: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Alexandria Dental Journal. 2021; 46: 191–196.

[31] Falahinia N, Razeghi S, Shamshiri AR, Firoozi M, Mohebbi SZ. The effectiveness of motivational interviewing on the oral health of leukemic children and oral health care knowledge, attitude and practice of their mothers: a hospital-based intervention. BMC Pediatrics. 2023; 23: 261.

[32] Miller WR, Rollnick S. Ten things that motivational interviewing is not. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2009; 37: 129–140.

[33] Moe-Byrne T, Evans E, Benhebil N, Knapp P. The effectiveness of video animations as information tools for patients and the general public: a systematic review. Frontiers in Digital Health. 2022; 4: 1010779.

[34] Al-Gotaumel HA, Al-Madi EM. Effectiveness of virtual reality in improving oral health. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 2024; 83: 67407–67420.

[35] Nguanjairak R, Duangsong R, Patcharanuchat P, Muangsom N, Bradshaw P. Effectiveness of multimodal dental health education with animated cartoons for improving knowledge, attitudes, oral hygiene practices and reducing dental plaque in 7–9 year-old children in Khon Kaen Province. Journal of Public Health and Development. 2017; 14: 69–82.

[36] Jatmika SED, Maulana M. Dental and oral health education for elementary school students through patient hygiene performance index indicator. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education. 2018; 7: 259–263.

[37] Grzymisławska M, Puch EA, Zawada A, Grzymisławski M. Do nutritional behaviors depend on biological sex and cultural gender? Advances in Clinical & Experimental Medicine. 2020; 29: 165–172.

[38] Yazdani R, Vehkalahti MM, Nouri M, Murtomaa H. School-based education to improve oral cleanliness and gingival health in adolescents in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2009; 19: 274–281.

[39] Rosema NA, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Versteeg PA, van Palenstein Helderman WH, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA. Plaque-removing efficacy of new and used manual toothbrushes—a professional brushing study. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2013; 11: 237–243.

[40] Braunholtz DA, Edwards SJ, Lilford RJ. Are randomized clinical trials good for us (in the short term)? Evidence for a ”trial effect”. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2001; 54: 217–224.


Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,500 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Biological Abstracts Easily discover critical journal coverage of the life sciences with Biological Abstracts, produced by the Web of Science Group, with topics ranging from botany to microbiology to pharmacology. Including BIOSIS indexing and MeSH terms, specialized indexing in Biological Abstracts helps you to discover more accurate, context-sensitive results.

Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

JournalSeek Genamics JournalSeek is the largest completely categorized database of freely available journal information available on the internet. The database presently contains 39226 titles. Journal information includes the description (aims and scope), journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.

Current Contents - Clinical Medicine Current Contents - Clinical Medicine provides easy access to complete tables of contents, abstracts, bibliographic information and all other significant items in recently published issues from over 1,000 leading journals in clinical medicine.

BIOSIS Previews BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing. It is part of Clarivate Analytics Web of Science suite. BIOSIS Previews indexes data from 1926 to the present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Scopus: CiteScore 1.8 (2023) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Submission Turnaround Time

Top