Title
Author
DOI
Article Type
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Multidisciplinary management points in early childhood treatment
1Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 510630 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
2College of Stomatology, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
DOI: 10.22514/jocpd.2025.123 Vol.49,Issue 6,November 2025 pp.22-31
Submitted: 23 June 2024 Accepted: 09 December 2024
Published: 03 November 2025
*Corresponding Author(s): Zhiying Zhou E-mail: zhouzhiying@jnu.edu.cn
In recent years, the concept of early intervention in children has gained significant popularity and attention within the healthcare community. The necessity of implementing early intervention strategies and effectively managing malocclusion in children is often a topic of debate among professionals. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognize that various multidisciplinary knowledge areas, including dentistry, pediatrics and psychology, must be taken into account during the treatment process. Currently, there is a lack of a comprehensive action plan that can effectively guide these important considerations. Therefore, this article aims to highlight the key monitoring and management points that are related to the multidisciplinary aspects involved in early intervention. It seeks to summarize the various action plans that should be considered for early intervention, ultimately providing a more thorough and comprehensive guideline for clinical orthodontists to follow in their practice.
Early treatment; Dentistry; Skeletal; Decayed tooth; Tongue position; Respiratory; Musculoskeletal; Psychological
Qi Su,Zhiying Zhou. Multidisciplinary management points in early childhood treatment. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2025. 49(6);22-31.
[1] Zhou C, Duan P, He H, Song J, Hu M, Liu Y, et al. Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children. International Journal of Oral Science. 2024; 16: 32.
[2] Jeyashree T, Gurunathan D, Padmapriya S. Association of malocclusion and trauma in children: a retrospective study. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 2022; 13: S212–S216.
[3] Hansen C, Markström A, Sonnesen L. Specific dento-craniofacial characteristics in non-syndromic children can predispose to sleep-disordered breathing. Acta Paediatrica. 2022; 111: 473–477.
[4] Khayat N, Winocur E, Kedem R, Winocur Arias O, Zaghal A, Shpack N. The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and dental attrition levels in patients with posterior crossbite and/or deep bite: a preliminary prospective study. Pain Research & Management. 2021; 2021: 8827895.
[5] Ramos ITM, Nabarrette M, Vedovello-Filho M, de Menezes CC, de C Meneghim M, Vedovello SAS. Correlation between malocclusion and history of bullying in vulnerable adolescents. Angle Orthodontist. 2022; 92: 677–682.
[6] Zou J, Meng M, Law CS, Rao Y, Zhou X. Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion. International Journal of Oral Science. 2018; 10: 7.
[7] Liu X, Xu J, Li S, Wang X, Liu J, Li X. The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old. BMC Oral Health. 2022; 22: 623.
[8] Declercq L, Vichos S, Rajbhoj AA, Begnoni G, Willems G, Verdonck A, et al. Correlation between oral muscle pressure and malocclusion in mixed dentition: a cross-sectional study. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2024; 28: 412.
[9] Keerthi VN, Kanya SD, Babu KP, Mathew A, Kumar AN. Early prevention and intervention of Class II division 1 in growing patients. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2016; 6: S79–S83.
[10] Morales-Salazar SA, Monteagudo-Sangama JM, Arriola-Guillén LE. Influence of dentofacial characteristics on the appearance of self-reported bullying: a review. Dental and Medical Problems. 2022; 59: 657–661.
[11] Ardani IGAW, Sanjaya ML, Sjamsudin J. Cephalometric characteristic of skeletal Class II malocclusion in Javanese population at universitas Airlangga dental hospital. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2018; 9: S342–S346.
[12] Sinha A, Subashree S, Avirachan TV, Imran M, Chidambaram D, Prasad SMV. Effect of early orthodontic treatment on long-term stability of Class II malocclusions. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2024; 16: S1808–S1810.
[13] Veitz-Keenan A, Liu N. One phase or two phase orthodontic treatment for Class II division 1 malocclusion? Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice. 2019; 20: 72–73.
[14] Maspero C, Galbiati G, Giannini L, Guenza G, Farronato M. Class II division 1 malocclusions: comparisons between one- and two-step treatment. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2018; 19: 295–299.
[15] Huo B, Che X, Li X. Timing of early correction of mandibular hypoplasia in skeletal class II malocclusion: a review. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2023; 47: 11–20.
[16] Quinzi V, Salvati SE, Pisaneschi A, Palermiti M, Marzo G. Class III malocclusions in deciduous or early mixed dentition: an early orthopaedic treatment. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2023; 24: 42–44.
[17] Smyth RSD, Ryan FS. Early treatment of class III malocclusion with facemask. Journal of Evidence-based Dental Practice. 2017; 18: 107–108.
[18] Shao JP, Bai XQ, Liu J, Guo X. Dental occlusion and maxillofacial changes after correction of early crossbite with FR-III. Journal of the First Military Medical University. 2004; 24: 464–466. (In Chinese)
[19] Woon SC, Thiruvenkatachari B. Early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2017; 151: 28–52.
[20] Jha AK, Chandra S. Early management of Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 14: 331–334.
[21] Paoloni V, De Razza FC, Franchi L, Cozza P. Stability prediction of early orthopedic treatment in Class III malocclusion: morphologic discriminant analysis. Progress in Orthodontics. 2021; 22: 34.
[22] Ganesh R, Mohapatra A, Kalpakuri R, Khan MM, Jain T, Dubey A, et al. Prevalence and management of early childhood caries in preschoolers. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2024; 16: S2579–S2581.
[23] Kumar CM, Swarnim S. Dental caries in children: an update. Indian Pediatrics. 2024; 61: 281–284.
[24] Shukla C, Maurya RK, Singh V, Tijare M. Evaluation of changes in Streptococcus mutans colonies in microflora of the Indian population with fixed orthodontics appliances. Dental Research Journal. 2016; 13: 309–314.
[25] Chandra S, Jha AK, Asiri SN, Naik A, Sharma S, Nair A, et al. Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbial changes and dental caries risk in children: a 6-month prospective study. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2024; 16: S2353–S2355.
[26] Featherstone JDB, Crystal YO, Alston P, Chaffee BW, Doméjean S, Rechmann P, et al. A comparison of four caries risk assessment methods. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2021; 2: 656558.
[27] Granja GL, Bernardino VMM, Lima LCM, Araújo LJS, Arruda MJALLA, Ferreira FM, et al. Orofacial dysfunction, nonnutritive sucking habits, and dental caries influence malocclusion in children aged 8–10 years. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2022; 162: 502–509.
[28] Mai W, Xiao L, Chen S, Chen S, Li A, Zhang T, et al. Prevalence and contributing factors of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7–8 years in southern China. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2024; 12: 1308039.
[29] Tinanoff N. Caries management pathways for children: IAPD global policy statement. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2024; 34: 199–201.
[30] S K, George S, Soman A, Jo S, Beegum F, Habibullah MA. Salivary proteinase 3 as a biomarker for caries severity in children: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2024; 25: 236–240.
[31] Manohar PS, Subramaniam P. Oral health-related quality of life and oral hygiene of children and adolescents with hearing impairment. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2022; 15: 311–315.
[32] Hasegawa Y, Batbayar N, Sukhbaatar N, Bazar A, Kageyama I. Relationship between index of orthodontic treatment need dental health component (IOTN-DHC) and caries prevalence in school-age children. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2023; 21: 582–589.
[33] American Academy of Periodontology-Research, Scicence and therapy Committee. Periodontal diseases of children and adolescents. Pediatric Dentistry. 2008; 30: 240–247.
[34] Bernhardt O, Krey KF, Daboul A, Völzke H, Kindler S, Kocher T, et al. New insights in the link between malocclusion and periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2019; 46: 144–159.
[35] Gomes SC, Varela CC, da Veiga SL, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV. Periodontal conditions in subjects following orthodontic therapy. A preliminary study. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2007; 29: 477–481.
[36] Rădeanu AC, Surpăţeanu M, Munteanu CM, Liliac IM, Popescu AD, Andrei EC, et al. Periodontal changes induced by fixed orthodontic therapy. Medical and Pharmaceutical Reports. 2024; 97: 370–379.
[37] Hadzic S, Gojkov-Vukelic M, Pasic E, Jahic IM, Muharemovic A, Redzepagic-Vrazalica L, et al. Evaluation of periodontal changes in patients before, during, and after a fixed orthodontic therapy. Materia Socio-Medica. 2022; 34: 121–125.
[38] Pazzini CA, Júnior GO, Marques LS, Pereira CV, Pereira LJ. Prevalence of nickel allergy and longitudinal evaluation of periodontal abnormalities in orthodontic allergic patients. Angle Orthodontist. 2009; 79: 922–927.
[39] Alsulaiman AA, Kaye E, Jones J, Cabral H, Leone C, Will L, et al. Incisor malalignment and the risk of periodontal disease progression. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2018; 153: 512–522.
[40] Arai Y, English JD, Ono N, Ono W. Effects of antiresorptive medications on tooth root formation and tooth eruption in paediatric patients. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2023; 26: 29–38.
[41] Jain P, Rathee M. Anatomy, head and neck, tooth eruption. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island (FL). 2023.
[42] Henklein SD, Küchler EC, Proff P, Lepri CP, Baratto-Filho F, Mattos NHR, et al. Prevalence and local causes for retention of primary teeth and the associated delayed permanent tooth eruption. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 2024; 85: 73–78.
[43] Küchler EC, Henklein SD, Proff P, Lepri CP, Perin CP, Paddenberg E, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in COX2 is associated with persistent primary tooth and delayed permanent tooth eruption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19: 10047.
[44] Papadopoulou CI, Sifakakis I, Tournis S. Metabolic bone diseases affecting tooth eruption: a narrative review. Children. 2024; 11: 748.
[45] Khanna S, Rao D, Panwar S, Pawar BA, Ameen S. 3D printed band and loop space maintainer: a digital game changer in preventive orthodontics. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 45: 147–151.
[46] Li N, Li L, Wang LY, Wang TJ. 3D printing device for personalized traction of impacted maxillary central incisor. Journal of Modern Stomatology. 2021; 35: 427–428. (In Chinese)
[47] Xia LP, Zhang MY. Causes and early intervention measures of abnormal eruption of maxillary permanent anterior teeth. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Medicine. 2023; 36: 54–55. (In Chinese)
[48] Guo XK, Liu JF, Zhao JH, Man WQ, Ding J. Effect of extraction timing of mesiodens on orthodontic treatment duration for abnormal eruption of permanent teeth in children. Journal of Dental Prevention & Treatment. 2023; 31: 567–572. (In Chinese)
[49] Hsiao CC, Boynton JR. Etiology, classification and management of ectopic eruption of permanent first molars. Journal of the Michigan Dental Association. 2016; 98: 26–30.
[50] Lanteri V, Cagetti MG, Ugolini A, Gaffuri F, Maspero C, Abate A. Skeletal and dentoalveolar changes obtained with customised and preformed eruption guidance appliances after 1-year treatment in early mixed dentition. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2023; 24: 180–187.
[51] Lin L, Zhao T, Qin D, Hua F, He H. The impact of mouth breathing on dentofacial development: a concise review. Frontiers in Public Health. 2022; 10: 929165.
[52] Pawłowska-Seredyńska K, Umławska W, Resler K, Morawska-Kochman M, Pazdro-Zastawny K, Kręcicki T. Craniofacial proportions in children with adenoid or adenotonsillar hypertrophy are related to disease duration and nasopharyngeal obstruction. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2020; 132: 109911.
[53] Pereira CB, Yu X, Czaplik M, Rossaint R, Blazek V, Leonhardt S. Remote monitoring of breathing dynamics using infrared thermography. Biomedical Optics Express. 2015; 6: 4378–4394.
[54] Festa P, Mansi N, Varricchio AM, Savoia F, Calì C, Marraudino C, et al. Association between upper airway obstruction and malocclusion in mouth-breathing children. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica. 2021; 41: 436–442.
[55] Coban G, Buyuk SK. Sleep disordered breathing and oral health-related quality of life in children with different skeletal malocclusions. CRANIO®. 2025; 43: 70–77.
[56] Cheng B, Mohamed AS, Habumugisha J, Guo Y, Zou R, Wang F. A study of the facial soft tissue morphology in nasal- and mouth-breathing patients. International Dental Journal. 2023; 73: 403–409.
[57] Wang G, Saif BS, Cheng B, Li H, Li Y, Liu J, et al. Effect of breathing patterns on mandibular cortical bone quality in children and establishment of a preliminary screening model. BMC Oral Health. 2023; 23: 808.
[58] Huang X, Gong X, Gao X. Age-related hypertrophy of adenoid and tonsil with its relationship with craniofacial morphology. BMC Pediatrics. 2023; 23: 163.
[59] Bruun SN, Hansen C, Sonnesen L. Sleepiness in children with severe malocclusion compared with in children with neutral occlusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2024; 165: 593–601.
[60] Gomez YPS, Rockenbach NM, Moraes AB, Corrêa EC, Silva AMTD, Busanello-Stella AR. Influence of breathing modes and facial growth patterns on electromyographic fatigue of masticatory muscles in children. International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 2023; 27: e672–e679.
[61] Mattar SE, Valera FC, Faria G, Matsumoto MA, Anselmo-Lima WT. Changes in facial morphology after adenotonsillectomy in mouth breathing children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2011; 21: 389–396.
[62] Lysy J, Karkazi F, Stanko P, Novak B. The influence of mouth breathing on skeletal and dental features of splanchnocranium. Bratislava Medical Journal. 2021; 122: 196–199.
[63] Chambi-Rocha A, Cabrera-Domínguez ME, Domínguez-Reyes A. Breathing mode influence on craniofacial development and head posture. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2018; 94: 123–130.
[64] Marciuc D, Morarasu S, Morarasu BC, Marciuc EA, Dobrovat BI, Pintiliciuc-Serban V, et al. Dental appliances for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina. 2023; 59: 1447.
[65] Ferati K, Bexheti-Ferati A, Palermo A, Pezzolla C, Trilli I, Sardano R, et al. Diagnosis and orthodontic treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome children—a systematic review. Diagnostics. 2024; 14: 289.
[66] Xie B, Zhang L, Lu Y. The role of rapid maxillary expansion in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: efficacy, mechanism and multidisciplinary collaboration. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2023; 67: 101733.
[67] Kandasamy S. Obstructive sleep apnea and early orthodontic intervention: How early is early? American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2024; 165: 500–502.
[68] Sakai RH, de Assumpção MS, Ribeiro JD, Sakano E. Impact of rapid maxillary expansion on mouth-breathing children and adolescents: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 2021; 13: e1258–e1270.
[69] Bucci R, Rongo R, Zunino B, Michelotti A, Bucci P, Alessandri-Bonetti G, et al. Effect of orthopedic and functional orthodontic treatment in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2023; 67: 101730.
[70] Subtelny JD, Subtelny JD. Oral habits–studies in form, function, and therapy. Angle Orthodontist. 1973; 43: 349–383.
[71] Mosaico G, Pinna M, Grassi R, Orrù G, Scribante A, Maiorani C, et al. Oral health and caries prevention: how tongue hygiene helps maintain balance of microbiota and overall health in pediatric patients. Children. 2024; 11: 816.
[72] Degan VV, Puppin-Rontani RM. Removal of sucking habits and myofunctional therapy: establishing swallowing and tongue rest position. Pro-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica. 2005; 17: 375–382. (In Portuguese)
[73] D'Alessandro G, Bagattoni S, Montevecchi M, Piana G. Rapid maxillary expansion on oral breathing children: effects on tongue location, hyoid position and breathing. A pilot study. Minerva Dental and Oral Science. 2021; 70: 97–102.
[74] Shah SS, Nankar MY, Bendgude VD, Shetty BR. Orofacial myofunctional therapy in tongue thrust habit: a narrative review. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2021; 14: 298–303.
[75] Koletsi D, Makou M, Pandis N. Effect of orthodontic management and orofacial muscle training protocols on the correction of myofunctional and myoskeletal problems in developing dentition. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2018; 21: 202–215.
[76] Rosita M, Budiardjo SB, Rizal MF. Photometric analysis of the relationship between craniovertebral angle and facial profile in children aged 10–12 years. Saudi Dental Journal. 2024; 36: 277–280.
[77] Batistão MV, Moreira R de FC, Coury HJCG, Salasar LEB, Sato T de O. Prevalence of postural deviations and associated factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Fisioterapia em Movimento. 2016; 29: 777–785.
[78] Peng H, Liu W, Yang L, Zhong W, Yin Y, Gao X, et al. Does head and cervical posture correlate to malocclusion? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2022; 17: e0276156.
[79] Sandoval C, Díaz A, Manríquez G. Relationship between craniocervical posture and skeletal class: a statistical multivariate approach for studying Class II and Class III malocclusions. CRANIO®. 2021; 39: 133–140.
[80] Ghafoor HA, Hussain SS. Relationships of sagittal skeletal discrepancy, natural head position, and craniocervical posture in Pakistani children. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2024; 34: 313–317.
[81] Priede D, Roze B, Parshutin S, Arkliņa D, Pircher J, Vaska I, et al. Association between malocclusion and orofacial myofunctional disorders of pre-school children in Latvia. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research. 2020; 23: 277–283.
[82] Ferrillo M, Migliario M, Curci C, Roccuzzo A, Invernizzi M, de Sire A. Reliability of dental calcification compared to hand-wrist X-ray to evaluate skeletal maturation in growing subjects: a systematic review. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2021; 35: 717–723.
[83] Springate SD. A re-investigation of the relationship between head posture and craniofacial growth. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2012; 34: 397–409.
[84] Zokaitė G, Lopatienė K, Vasiliauskas A, Smailienė D, Trakinienė G. Relationship between craniocervical posture and sagittal position of the mandible: a systematic review. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12: 5331.
[85] Pachì F, Turlà R, Checchi AP. Head posture and lower arch dental crowding. Angle Orthodontist. 2009; 79: 873–879.
[86] Sambataro S, Bocchieri S, Cervino G, La Bruna R, Cicciù A, Innorta M, et al. Correlations between malocclusion and postural anomalies in children with mixed dentition. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2019; 4: 45.
[87] Weber P, Corrêa ECR, Milanesi JM, Soares JC, Trevisan ME. Craniocervical posture: cephalometric and biophotogrammetric analysis. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2012; 11: 416–421.
[88] El Aouame A, Daoui A, El Quars F. Nasal breathing and the vertical dimension: a cephalometric study. International Orthodontics. 2016; 14: 491–502.
[89] El Zoghbi A, Halimi M, Hobeiche J, Haddad C. Effect of occlusal splints on posture balance in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder: a prospective study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2021; 22: 615–619.
[90] Ferrillo M, Marotta N, Giudice A, Calafiore D, Curci C, Fortunato L, et al. Effects of occlusal splints on spinal posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. Healthcare. 2022; 10: 739.
[91] AlGadhib F, AlQahtani R, AlBej R, AlOtaibi W, AlFakih E, Ateeq IS. Design of a smart posture corrective orthosis for kyphotic patients. The Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society. 2021; 44: 11–13.
[92] Sun IG, Chu CH, Lo ECM, Duangthip D. Global prevalence of early childhood dental fear and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry. 2024; 142: 104841.
[93] Gizani S, Seremidi K, Katsouli K, Markouli A, Kloukos D. Basic behavioral management techniques in pediatric dentistry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry. 2022; 126: 104303.
[94] Schibbye R, Hedman-Lagerlöf E, Kaldo V, Dahllöf G, Shahnavaz S. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with dental or injection phobia: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2024; 26: e42322.
[95] Abdelmagid SME, Abass SK. Knowledge and practice towards early orthodontic problems among general dentists and paediatric dentists. Journal of Orthodontic Science. 2023; 50: 39–44.
Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,500 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.
Biological Abstracts Easily discover critical journal coverage of the life sciences with Biological Abstracts, produced by the Web of Science Group, with topics ranging from botany to microbiology to pharmacology. Including BIOSIS indexing and MeSH terms, specialized indexing in Biological Abstracts helps you to discover more accurate, context-sensitive results.
Google Scholar Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
JournalSeek Genamics JournalSeek is the largest completely categorized database of freely available journal information available on the internet. The database presently contains 39226 titles. Journal information includes the description (aims and scope), journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.
Current Contents - Clinical Medicine Current Contents - Clinical Medicine provides easy access to complete tables of contents, abstracts, bibliographic information and all other significant items in recently published issues from over 1,000 leading journals in clinical medicine.
BIOSIS Previews BIOSIS Previews is an English-language, bibliographic database service, with abstracts and citation indexing. It is part of Clarivate Analytics Web of Science suite. BIOSIS Previews indexes data from 1926 to the present.
Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.
Scopus: CiteScore 2.3 (2024) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.
Top